Quantum Mechanics Based on Particles as Mutual Energy Flow Rather Than Self-Energy Flow

Abstract

Shuang-Ren Zhao*

According to classical electromagnetic theory, quantum mechanics, and quantum field theory, particles are often associated with self-energy flow. In electromagnetic theory, the so-called self-energy flow corresponds to the Poynting vector of energy flow, and in quantum mechanics, it represents the probability current density. The author believes this is likely incorrect. The author finds that self-energy flow can be replaced by mutual energy flow. Mutual energy flow consists of retarded waves emitted by the source and advanced waves emitted by the sink. The source includes the primary coil of a transformer, the transmitting antenna, radiation atoms, and the cathode emitting electrons. The sink includes the secondary coil of the transformer, the receiving antenna, absorbing atoms, and the anode receiving electrons. Originally, all energy flows are generated by the source. If we assume energy flow is generated jointly by the source and the sink, we first need to compress the field produced by the source to half its original size. In this way, the source produces half of the field, and the sink produces the other half. The mutual energy flow generated by the source and sink together will exactly match the original self-energy flow produced by the source. However, there is still a problem. If the energy flow is mutual energy flow rather than self-energy flow, then self-energy flow should not transfer energy. However, if we do not alter the original electromagnetic theory or quantum theory, self-energy flow still transmits energy. This creates an absurd situation where mutual energy flow particles and self-energy flow particles are two distinct particles, both transferring energy. The author finds that both self-energy flows in electromagnetic theory and quantum theory should be reactive power and therefore do not transfer energy. The author adds a magnetic field, source, and sink to the Schrödinger equation and extends the mutual energy flow law from electromagnetic theory to quantum theory. The author then corrects the phase of the magnetic field in Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory and quantum theory by 90 degrees. After the correction, both self-energy flows in the two theories become reactive power. Thus, particles, including photons, electrons, and all other particles, are mutual energy flows, not self-energy flows. For electromagnetic theory, the author also proves that the composite energy flow of many photon mutual energy flows coincides with the self-energy flow corresponding to the Poynting vector calculated from Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. Thus, electromagnetic waves have three different modes: (1) broadcasting mode, where the source and sink simultaneously emit spherical waves at random, which decay with propagation distance. (2) Photon mode, where the retarded wave emitted by the source and the advanced wave emitted by the sink are perfectly synchronized. At this point, the advanced wave forms the waveguide of the retarded wave, and the retarded wave forms the waveguide of the advanced wave. Due to the interference between the retarded and advanced waves, the two waves interfere constructively along the line connecting the source and the sink and weaken in other directions, ultimately turning into quasi-planar waves along the connection line between the source and sink. These retarded and advanced waves constitute the mutual energy flow, which is the photon. (3) The average energy flow consisting of countless photons is consistent with the energy flow calculated according to the Poynting vector. Therefore, Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory is still valid for calculating average radiation electromagnetic energy flow. However, calculating photons requires the author’s electromagnetic theory. The situation for electrons or other particles is roughly similar.

HTML PDF