A Physical Theory based on the Barycenter Frame of Reference II: Principles of Particle Dynamics

Abstract

Zhong Cheng Liang*

This paper extends the field theory of elastic particle fluids based on the barycenter reference frame and constructs the theoretical foundation of new particle dynamics. According to the particle flow field theory, the complete interaction contains the forces of gradient, curl, and divergence. The principle of action proposed in this paper affirms that the motion of a particle is driven by a force field, and the unified form of the force includes attraction and repulsion. In the force field, the motion of the particles follows the modified energy theorem and angular momentum theorem, as well as the newly discovered curlity theorem. Energy, curlity, and angular momentum are conserved in dynamically balanced systems, and their variations obey universal quantization rules. In a kernel field, the motion of particles follows the generalized Newton's law (F = ma, dynamic equation), and elliptical orbit is the special solution of the equation at the steady state F = 0. The eigenstate orbits of a multi-particle system are petal-shaped, and the orbital energy spectrum (energy eigenvalues) is determined by the square of the curlity. A mathematical model of particle orbits is proposed, the structure of electron shells and the spectrum of the hydrogen atom are explained, and the relationship between the nuclear spin and the chirality of the electron orbits is also elucidated. The self-consistency and completeness of the theory show that the flow-field force is a unified form of particle interaction, that the principle of measurement is a first principle integrating the foundations of relativity and quantum theories, and that the theorems of particle dynamics are universal physical laws for the macroscopic and microscopic worlds.

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