Insights of Herbal Medicine(IHM)

Norton Community Hospital, Norton, Virginia 24273, USA

Publications

• Research Article   
  The Role of Immunotherapy in Solid Malignancies: Biological Rationale, Clinical Evidence and Future Directions
  Author(s): Sanjaya K Upadhyaya*
  
  Immunotherapy—especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)—has reshaped the therapeutic landscape of solid tumors by restoring antitumor immunity through blockade of the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death- ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) axes. The mechanistic foundation of ICI efficacy includes reversal of T-cell exhaustion, enhancement of antigen presentation, and remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). Clinically, immune checkpoint blockade has expanded from early successes in melanoma and lung cancer to become integral across gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, renal, gynecologic, breast, and molecularly selected colorectal cancers, with accelerating incorporation into perioperative and curative-intent strategies. Yet, broad benefit remains constrained by primary and acquired resistance, imperfec.. Read More»
  

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