Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Insights(TAPI)

Riggs Pharmaceuticals Karachi Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan

Publications

• Review Article   
  Urine Drug Testing in Pain Medicine
  Author(s): Rehan Haider*
  
  The recent Institute of Medicine report declared that greater than 100 million Americans have chronic pain with an associated cost of up to $635 billion each year due to medical treatment and lost productivity.[1,2] The explosion in opioid prescribing since the 1990s has resulted in opioids being the most frequently prescribed medication in the United States.[3–5] Manchikanti et al.'s study revealed a 149% increase in retail opioid sales and a 402% increase in average sales of opioids per person in the United States from 1997 to 2007 [6]. Looking at 1999–2012, the National Center for Health Statistics found that among patients aged 20 or older prescription opioid use increased from 5% to 6.9% until 2006 and then stayed at 6.9% until 2012.7 However, the percentage of patients using an opioid stronger than morphine dramatically increased from 17% to 37% over th.. Read More»
  

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