Investigating Household Water Quality Concerns in Kumasi, Ghana: Health Risks and Potential Implications: A Case Study
Abstract
Jonathan Awewomom, Michael Yaw Peasah, Yaw Doudu Takyi, Agyei Gyasi Yaw, Sampson Achagiwe Antwi, Ayisi-Larbi Stephen, Opoku Adomako Kwabena, Janet Saaka, Emmanuel Amoah Dankwah, Angelina Afi Amaglo, Isaac Korankye, David Azanu, Francis Opoku and Osei Akoto
This research addresses the pressing issue of household water source quality and its associated health risks in Ghana. This considered the shift from traditional water sources to mechanized boreholes and hand-dug wells. This transition has prompted a need to assess water quality rigorously, given the potential health implications. Groundwater quality is susceptible to contamination from surface runoff and the condition of storage tanks, especially if they are improperly sealed, maintained, or protected. Neglecting regular cleaning and disinfection can lead to biofilm formation and microbial growth, posing a significant risk to water quality. To investigate this matter, water quality in 23 different households across the Kumasi Metropolis was analyzed. Findings exposed critical concerns, notably in the Appiadu area, where Cu and Pb concentrations surpassed World Health Organization (WHO) limits, implying potential toxicity. Similarly, elevated nitrite levels in Atonsu Kyepatre exceeded WHO standards. Conversely, some samples exhibited commendable water quality. "Microbial assessment" revealed varying total coliform counts, implying possible sewage contamination. Thirteen sites displayed undesirable counts, underlining the importance of regular monitoring and maintenance. Health risk estimates indicated hazardous levels of Cu ingestion for both children and adults, while Hazard Index (HI) values emphasized substantial health risks, particularly for children. This research offers valuable insights into water quality concerns and associated health risks in the Kumasi Metropolis, highlighting the importance of proactive monitoring, maintenance, and protection of water sources to safeguard community well-being in Ghana and analogous regions worldwide.