Integrating Geochemical and Regression Analyses to Increase Understanding of Groundwater Evolution in a Semiarid Basin: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Saadu Umar Wali, Ismail Usman Kaoje, Saâad Ibrahim and Abdullahi Bala Usman
Hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in semiarid basins is influenced by complex interactions between natural processes (mineral weathering, dissolution-precipitation, ion exchange and evaporation) and human activities, including intensive abstraction and land use changes. This review synthesises evidence from thirteen (13) peer-reviewed studies that integrate geochemical modelling and regression or multivariate statistical analyses to deepen understanding of these dynamics. A PRISMA-based systematic search identified studies employing tools such as PHREEQC, NETPATH, isotopic modelling, multiple regression and PCA. Results highlight dominant processes including carbonate and silicate weathering, evaporite dissolution and anthropogenic modification of hdro chemical pathways. Regression and statistical approaches provided predictive insights, with models demonstrating robust explanatory power (e.g., R2 >0.9 in some basins). Spatiotemporal trends revealed zonation, recharge dynamics and salinization risks under semiarid conditions. The integration of geochemical and regression methods enhances predictive capacity and supports adaptive, evidence- based groundwater management frameworks essential for resilience under climate variability.