Gravitation in the Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU): Weak-Field Relativistic Effects from Spatial Curvature Alone

Abstract

Domenico Maglione*

This work presents a reinterpretation of gravity within the Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU), where the universe is modeled as a four-dimensional hypersphere expanding at a constant rate equal to c along a real fourth spatial dimension, perceived as the flow of time. In this framework, the fundamental entities are Temporal Waves (TWs): standing electromagnetic waves oscillating exclusively along the temporal dimension. According to the Restricted Holographic Principle of the 4DEU theory, physical phenomena occurring along the temporal dimension manifest within the three-dimensional spatial hypersurface (our observable universe, where we exist) in a qualitatively transformed but quantitatively proportional manner. A central consequence is that TW energy manifests as mass quanta in 3D space. Moreover, the net radiation pressure from TWs, perpendicular to the 3D hypersurface, drives the expansion of the entire 4D universe.

Gravity is proposed to result from local variations in TW density within the 4D universe. Higher TW density corresponds to greater mass in 3D, implying stronger localized TW radiation pressure that induces increased spatial curvature. Although conceptually distinct from General Relativity (GR), the weak-field predictions of the 4DEU framework are in exact agreement with it. This equivalence rigorously accounts for all experimentally verified gravitational phenomena— including gravitational redshift, light deflection, Shapiro time delay, and perihelion precession—arising independently of the GR formalism, but from a real 4D universe curved only in its spatial (3D) portion. The 4DEU theory is thus fully consistent with current gravitational observations in all domains where GR has been tested.

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