Annals of Civil Engineering and Management(ACEM)
ISSN: 3065-9779 | DOI: 10.33140/ACEM
Review Article - (2026) Volume 3, Issue 3
Why Edge Cities Hit Critical Mass at Five Million Square Feet of Office Space
Received Date: May 19, 2026 / Accepted Date: Jul 20, 2026 / Published Date: Jul 27, 2026
Copyright: ©2026 Paul T E Cusack. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Cusack, P. T. E. (2026). Why Edge Cities Hit Critical Mass at Five Million Square Feet of Office Space. Ann Civ Eng Manag, 3(3), 01-02.
Abstract
In Garreau’s book “Edge City”, the author claims that “Why do Edge Cities seem to hit a critical mass at 5 million square feet of leasable office space? No one knows exactly at a theoretical level”. pg 31 [1].
Introduction
In Garreau’s book “Edge City”, the author claims that “Why do Edge Cities seem to hit a critical mass at 5 million square feet of leasable office space? No one knows exactly at a theoretical level”. pg 31 [1].
The Reason can be Explained by Astrotheology:
t²-t-1=2t-1
t=3: E=5⇒5 Million sq ft
t=KE=1/2Mv² 3=1/2(4)v²
1.5=v²=1/G
Δt=π-1
1/G=7(π-1)
M =Ln t
=Ln 1=0 ⇒critical mass dM/dt=1/t=1/1=1
dM/dt=dE/dt=2t-1=2(1)-1=1
t²-t-1=2t-1
2t-1=1
t=1
1²-1-1=-1=E ⇒ t=0 GMP
M=Ln t=Ln (1/2)=-0.693
M=Ln t=Ln 2=0.693
ΔM=0.693+(-0.693)=0
Figure 1: The Mass -Time Plot of the Function from Astrotheology
At t=1/2
t²-t-1=(1/2)²-(1/2)-1=-1.25=Emin
Catalytic E=-0.25 GMP
dM/dt/ M=1/(-0.250)
1PERSON /250 Square Feet of Office Space
Figure 2: The Golden Mean Parabola is Ubiquitous in Nature
1/4500 for factory space
0.707/(π/4)=1/180=1/π
1/t=Et 1/E=t²
t=t²
t=1
1/4500.