Bruce H. Knox
Independent Scholar, Auckland, New Zealand
Publications
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Research Article
Multifactorial Secondary Autonomic Dysfunction (MSAD) A Clinical Framework, Diagnostic Model, and Applied Assessment Tool in Autonomic Medicine
Author(s): Bruce H. Knox*
Dysautonomia encompasses a spectrum of disorders characterised by impairment of autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation across cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, thermoregulatory, genitourinary, endocrine, metabolic, cognitive, and sleep-related domains [1-6]. Current clinical frameworks distinguish between primary autonomic disorders and secondary forms arising from identifiable causes. However, increasing clinical observation suggests that some patients develop autonomic dysfunction through the cumulative effects of multiple physiological insults rather than a single disease process [5,6,21]. This monograph proposes Multifactorial Secondary Autonomic Dysfunction (MSAD) as an integrative clinical framework, combining a theoretical model of cumulative autonomic injury, a sequential diagnostic assessment framework, and an applied clinical scoring tool that translates theory into struc.. Read More»