Translation Approaches Targeting Immune Pathways for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Bone Disorders

Abstract

Bornini Bhattacharjee, Rojina Khatun and Malavika Bhattacharya

Bone is a sensitive organ in our body that produces organisational proteins, reserves minerals and metabolises proteins controlled by certain influences. The last few years of discoveries have shown that there is a broad spectrum of communication between the bone and the immune system in maintaining skeletal equilibrium. Disorder of bone metabolism is a group of diseases that affects bone health.Disorder of bone metabolism can be further characterised into three disorders: Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia and Paget’s Disease of Bone. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that is marked by a reduction in bone mass, which usually increases fracture risk. The occurrence of osteoporosis is mostly seen in post-menopausal women and older people. A broadened bone disorder identified as osteomalacia is characterised by reduced calcium absorption, resulting in a buildup of osteoid or unmineralized matrix in the skeleton. Osteomalacia causes musculoskeletal pain, skeletal abnormalities, weakness in muscles, and hypocalcaemia with warning signs. Osteomalacia is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency may cause malabsorption, liver disease and anticonvulsant medication. Paget’s Disease of Bone is a disease that usually causes pain in the bone but often comes without symptoms. The pain is characterised by increased pain, and it affects one or several bones throughout the skeletal system.After emerging, the discoveries and the research highlight the immune system’s crucial function in controlling bone metabolism, which has led to the study of Osteoimmunology. Osteoimmunology was contributed to due to the intensified bone loss caused by inflammatory diseases. The immune system plays a very important role in the process of bone remodelling. Osteoclasts are a type of multinucleated cell that helps the bones to grow and develop. The cytokines like IL-6, RANKL, and TNF-α help in bone resorption.The main objective of this paper is to review how immune signalling pathways can be targeted for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders.

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