Prevalence of Malaria among Prison Inmates in Owerri Municipality, Imo State, Nigeria: Addressing Surveillance Gaps and Proposing Contextual Solutions
Abstract
Onwuka, Chigozie Divine and Onuoha, Blessing Chika
Background Malaria remains a significant public health concern in Nigeria, with incarcerated populations facing heightened vulnerability due to overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, and restricted access to preventive interventions. While malaria prevalence has been investigated in correctional facilities in other regions, data from the Owerri Municipality Correctional Centre, Imo State, are lacking.
Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence and intensity of malaria infection among inmates of the Owerri Correctional Centre, Imo State, Nigeria.
Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to October 2024, enrolling 600 inmates. Capillary blood samples were obtained via finger prick, and both thick and thin blood smears were prepared on clean, grease-free glass slides. Microscopic examination was performed to detect and quantify Plasmodium species. Prevalence was calculated overall and by demographic subgroup, and infection intensity was classified as light, moderate, or heavy based on parasite density.
Results The overall malaria prevalence was 92.3% (554/600). By sex, prevalence was 92.5% (370/400) in males and 92.0% (184/200) in females, with no statistically significant association (χ2 = 0.046, p = 0.83; OR ≈ 1.06). Age-specific prevalence was highest among inmates aged 28–38 years (95.3%), followed by 17–27 years (94.0%), and lowest in those aged 61–71 years (79.5%). Infection intensity distribution showed 39.2% light, 45.8% moderate, and 15.0% heavy infections.
Conclusion The markedly high malaria prevalence among inmates underscores the combined effects of structural neglect and environmental risk factors within correctional facilities. Targeted interventions—including improved sanitation, consistent provision of preventive tools, regular vector control measures, and urgent prison decongestion are critical to reducing malaria transmission and safeguarding the health of incarcerated populations.