Large-Scale Cosmic Structures and Plasmas: Insights from Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Field Theory

Abstract

Sobhan Kardani, Maedeh Pouyand Pour and Milad Maleki

This review paper investigates cosmic plasmas as fundamental constituents of the early universe, highlighting their pivotal role in the formation and evolution of large-scale cosmic structures. The study delves into the intricate interplay between cosmic plasmas, dark matter, dark energy, and field theories, offering a comprehensive review of how these factors contribute to shaping the universe's macroscopic architecture. We examine the early universe and its underlying physical processes, with particular emphasis on nuclear fusion and the theory of cosmological perturbations. By integrating diverse theoretical perspectives, this article aims to present a cohesive understanding of the dynamic mechanisms at work in the early cosmos.

The first section addresses dark energy, focusing on observational evidence from supernovae and a range of theoretical models, including X-matter, Chaplin gas, holographic dark energy, and others. The second section discusses dark matter, elaborating on its various forms and phenomenological implications. The following part explores the significance of cosmic plasmas in cosmological modeling, covering topics such as quark-gluon plasmas and dusty plasmas. Additionally, field theory is reviewed, with attention given to its core equations and cosmological applications. The third section is devoted to the early universe, detailing the formation of the first stars and the evolution of density perturbations into large-scale structures. We further analyze the contribution of primordial black holes to early perturbations, the role of dark matter in structure formation, and discuss key frameworks including weak gravitational lensing, the Fuku Gita model, and the Press–Schechter formalism.

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