Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Patients Visiting Massawa Hospital: Cross-Sectional Study, 2021.

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening disease caused by Myco-bacterium tuberculosis having an increased prevalence in devel-oping countries [1]. It is a major global health problem and ranks alongside HIV as a leading cause of mortality worldwide [2]. My-cobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular bacterium, causing re-spiratory illness, tuberculosis. The bacilli infect about one-third of the world’s population, leaving the majority with an asymptomatic state of a disease called latency [3]. While only a few proportions (10%) of those latently infected develop active TB, the majority (90%) will remain asymptomatic [4].

According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2019 tuberculo-sis report, there are an estimated 10 million people infected with TB and 1.2 million tuberculosis deaths among peoples living with HIV/AIDS globally. Worldwide, millions of people continue to fall sick and die from TB, a preventable and curable infectious disease [5, 6].

Treatment outcome is an important indicator to evaluate the effect of TB prevention and control program. Globally, in 2012, the treat¬ment success rate (TSR) was 86% among all new TB cases and in the African region; it was 81% [7]. WHO recommends that at least 90% TSR for all persons diagnosed with TB and initiated on TB treatment services [8]. The latest global TB treatment outcome data for new bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases in¬dicates a global fall in TSR from 86% in 2014 to 83% in 2017 [9].

According to the recent WHO estimate report, a total of 3100 new TB cases were present in 2018 in Eritrea which correspond to 89 cases per 100,000 populations of these cases 140 were patients with TB and HIV co-infection and 66 of the cases had multidrug resistant TB. Nationally, 550 patients died from tuberculosis and related complications and 47 of them had HIV [10]. The 2018 con¬ducted survey also revealed that the incidence rate of estimated proportion of TB cases with MDR-TB was 2% and 4.1% of them were from previously treated cases.

Study conducted in Nakfa subzone, one of the 58 subzones of Er¬itrea; showed prevalence of smear positive pulmonary TB cases was 7.8%, relatively increased prevalence of smear positive pul¬monary tuberculosis than the average WHO estimate for the coun¬try [11]. This study also showed that females (8.2%), the adult age group of 41-60 years (11%) and during the year 2014(16.8%) had the highest rate of pulmonary TB infection.

From observational point of view and work experience, the prev-alence of pulmonary, extra pulmonary and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis seems higher in Massawa Hospital starting in 2020. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in Massawa Hospital, Eritrea.

Materials and Methods

Study Design and Population

This was a retrospective cross-sectional type of study that medical profile and laboratory results of all TB suspected patients, who did sputum exam by Xpert Gene from January 01, 2018 to May 1, 2021in Massawa Hospital was retrieved, reviewed and analyzed in the study.

Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation

Sputum results of patients were retrieved from the Expert Gene machine register by experienced laboratory technicians from May 2-20, 2021. The socio-demographic characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected from the medical profile of patient’s treatment cards using a pre-designed checklist.

Data was entered in CSPro 7.3 and analyzed by SPSS software. Categorical variables were presented in proportions, frequencies and Chi-squared test were implemented to assess association be¬tween the dependent and independent variables. Besides, odds ra¬tio with 95% confidence interval was also presented and P value <0.05 was considered significant.

Ethical Clearance

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health Ethical Review and Clearance Committee on 03/05/2021. Patient’s data confidentiality was kept secured and personal identifiers were not collected. A unique number was assigned to each patient in the data set and it was coded and interpreted in aggregates. Further permission was requested from the Zonal and Hospital Medical Directors.

Results

Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Patients

A sputum exam of 2178 patients was retrieved and medical doctors requested about forty percent of them. Majority of the patients who did sputum exam were in the age group of 35-54 years (36.1%) and the main reason was presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis (85.5%). The prevalence of bacteriologically positive tuberculosis was 7%.The prevalence of Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis from all those who did sputum exam and the confirmed cases was 0.4% and 5.9%respectively (Table 1)

                                                                   Table 1: Socio Demographic Characteristics of Patients

Association of Background of Patients with Prevalence of Tu-berculosis

The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis cases was higher on patients aged 15 to 24 years (8.8%, 95%CI 0.68 - 4.72, OR-1.79). Patients from Ghelaelo subzone were having about two times higher prevalence of tuberculosis compared to patients from Massawa subzone (9.9%, 95%CI 1.39- 3.06, OR- 2.06). Patients who had previous history of tuberculosis were hav¬ing about five times higher prevalence of tuberculosis compared to the other groups (27.5%, 95%CI 2.65-11.17, OR-5.4, p<0.001). Other background of patients did not show significant association with the prevalence of tuberculosis (Table: 2).

                                                  Table 2: Association of Background Characteristics with Prevalence of Tuberculosis

Association of Background of Patients with MDR Tuberculosis

The highest prevalence of Rifampicin resistant (MDR) tuberculo-sis was detected in 2020 (9.4%) and was higher on patients aged 55 years an above (10.5%). The prevalence of MDR tuberculosis was higher on males (9.5%) and, residents of Foro and Ghelaelo subzones showed higher MDR prevalence compared to the other subzones. Patients who had history of tuberculosis were having higher prevalence of MDR tuberculosis (p<0.002). Background of patients did not show significant association to the MDR-TB prevalence. Patients’ with indeterminate Rifampicin resistance re¬sults were put on follow up and sputum exam was repeated after an interval of several days in which all of them were negative for rifampicin resistant tuberculosis(Table 3).

                                                         Table 3: Association of Background Characteristics with MDR Tuberculosis

Treatment Success of Tuberculosis

A total of 154 patients had started treatment for tuberculosis in the hospital in the study time and about nineteen percent were below 15 years old. Two third (66.2%) of patients had pulmonary tuber¬culosis, and tuberculosis spondylitis (15.6%) and adenitis (13.6%) were the most common causes of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. The prevalence of tuberculosis in HIV patients was 5.2% and all patients these tested positive for HIV had started anti-retroviral treatment and co-trimoxazole preventive therapy. The prevalence of Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis from these started treatments was 5.8% and all were referred to Merhano National MDR-TB treatment hospital for management. The treatment success of tu¬berculosis was 81.2% with a death rate of 7.1%. (Table 4).

                                                                         Table 4: Treatment Successes of Tuberculosis Patients

Discussion

Determining the prevalence of tuberculosis is very crucial for the management of the disease. This study was aimed to evaluate this challenge in Massawa Hospital. The prevalence of bacteriologi¬cally confirmed tuberculosis was 7%, (152cases per 2178). This was almost similar to a study conducted in Nakfa subzone, Eritrea; which showed that the overall prevalence of 7.8% [11]. According to the recent WHO estimate report, the prevalence of tuberculosis in 2018 in Eritrea corresponds to 89 cases per 100,000 popula- tions [10]. Estimated tuberculosis incidence in the Horn of Africa ranges from 65 cases per 100,000 people per year in Eritrea [12]. This higher prevalence could be attributed to the higher detection rate of tuberculosis after the introduction of diagnostic modalities like Expert Gene and increasing community awareness about the disease and early health seeking behavior. The contributions of the community tuberculosis agents are also remarkable.

The prevalence of Rifampicin resistant tuberculosis in the bacteri-ologically confirmed new cases and previously treated was 5.9% and 9.1% respectively. This was higher to the national average based on the WHO estimates for Eritrea; the prevalence of MDR-TB among new cases and previously treated cases was 2.6% and 18% respectively [14]. It was also higher to a preliminary survey done in Eritrea that Rifampicin resistance among new cases and previously treated cases was 2% and 7.5%. The introduction of the new diagnostic modalities could have a value on the higher incidence of MDR cases.

This study revealed that the prevalence of extra-pulmonary cases was 33.8% and tuberculosis spondylitis and adenitis were the most common cause. This was similar to the national average that the proportion of extra pulmonary notified in 2016 was 34% but high¬er to 16% for Africa [14]. This result showed that the disease is not contained in the lung which seeds it to different extra pulmonary sites that leads to different complications.

The prevalence of tuberculosis in HIV patients was 5.2%, which was slightly lower to the national average (6%) in 2017 and higher to other study (3.7%) This shows that the impact of the previously introduced strategy by the Ministry of Health to screen all TB pa¬tients for HIV had increased to detect the co- infection and burden of these diseases [13].

This study showed that 85.7% of patients that were on treatment were new TB cases and 4.5% were with relapse. This was lower to other study that 92.6% of the patients were new TB cases, but there were 1.9% relapses cases [13]. Furthermore, this research reported that, 76.6% of the patients were bacteriologically positive before starting treatment. This was higher to the national average that of these notified 58% were bacteriologically positive compared to 64% in Africa in 2015 [14, 15]. This was also higher to other study that 73% and 45.1% of the patients were bacteriologically positive pulmonary TB. This result explained that, some cases of the extra pulmonary cases, mostly the TB adenitis and skin TB were bacte¬riologically positive for mycobacterium tuberculosis.

This study revealed that the treatment success rate was 81.2%.Even though this was lower to the national average in 2016, 90% [14], it was similar to the 2012 treatment success rate in the African re¬gion, which was 81%. [7]. When compared to other countries, this was similar to studies in South Africa 80% [16], Ethiopia 79.4% and 81.8% [17, 18]. However, it was lower to studies in South Africa 82.2% and Ethiopia 90.1% 86.8%. It was higher to studies in Uganda 39% Zimbabwe 70% Nigeria 57.7% and Russia 77%. Since some patients (5.8%) were referred for MDR treatment and some were not evaluated (5.2%) as they didn’t yet complete their treatment, this could significantly decreased the success rate from the national average [19-25].

This study reported that majority of tuberculosis cases were in the age group of 15-54 years (58.4%) and children less than 15 years contribute 18.8%. This was similar to the national average in Eritrea in 2017 that the age of 15-54 years and children < 15 years was 61.5%and 17.1% respectively [14]. A study in Nakfa, Eritrea; showed that the adult age group of 41-60 years had the highest rate of pulmonary TB infection [11]. The higher preva¬lence in the pediatric and geriatric population could be due to their poor containment of the latent infection that leads to pulmonary or extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.

The mortality rate of tuberculosis in the hospital was 7.1%.This was higher to other studies, 5% and 3.7% [13]. This higher rate of mortality could be due to other comorbid diseases, delayed health seeking behaviors and treatment complications [25].

Patient with previous history of tuberculosis showed significant association with the prevalence of tuberculosis and MDR tuber¬culosis. This could be mainly due to the presence of other smear positive cases in the family, which was not treated, and spread the infection. Besides, treatment defaulters could be another cause for the higher prevalence of MDR cases in the previously treated pa¬tients.

Conclusion

The prevalence of tuberculosis was higher to the national average and the WHO estimates for the African region. Majority of the bacteriologically positive tuberculosis patients were new cases. The prevalence of extra pulmonary and tuberculosis in HIV pa¬tients was slightly lower to the national average but higher to oth¬er studies and WHO estimates for Eritrea. The treatment success rate was lower to the national average and patients with previous history of tuberculosis had showed significant association to the prevalence of tuberculosis and MDR tuberculosis.

Recommendations

To estimate the current prevalence of tuberculosis and MDR–tu-berculosis, a national survey is highly recommended. Awareness of the community about adherence, disease and treatment compli¬cations are essential. Further prospective studies to evaluate the difference of tuberculosis prevalence by subzone and the impact of nutritional status are indispensable. Routine contact tracing for MDR-tuberculosis and the directly observed treatment strategy should be advocated to decrease the relapse and MDR-tubercu-losis.

Abbreviations

TB- tuberculosis

MDR- Multi drug resistant

TSR- treatment success rate

HIV- human immunodeficiency virus

ART- antiretroviral therapy

WHO- world health organization

MTB- mycobacterium tuberculosis

CSPro - Census and Survey Processing System

SPSS- Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

Declarations

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health Ethi-cal Review and Clearance Committee on 03/05/2021and that in-formed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s). All methods were carried out in accordance with rele-vant guidelines and regulations.

Consent to Publish

Consent was not applicable for publication.

Availability of Data and Material

Availability of additional supplementary materials can be request-ed from the corresponding author as needed

Competing of Interest

Authors confirm that there is no any competing of interest to dis-close

Funding

This research had no any source of fund

Acknowledgment

Authors acknowledges for the patients for using their data

Author’s Contribution

BT, FK, drafted the proposal and all the authors did further edi-tion. Data was analyzed by FK and all authors have participated on data interpretation. BT wrote the draft of the manuscript and BT, HG and FK shaped the final form. All authors have contribut¬ed by interpretation, analysis, critical discussion and approved for publication.

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