Increase of CO2 and NOx Promote CO2 Assimilation, CO2 Fix and Food Production

Introduction

The earth is warmed by the fossil fuel burning releasing CO₂ and heat. The plant is growing by CO₂ assimilation absorbingCO₂ producing carbohydrate and O₂. If we can compensate the generation of CO₂ and heart with the absorption ofCO₂ and heart by CO₂ assimilation, global warming can be protected.

CO₂ react with water byCO₂assimilation to produce carbohydrate and oxygen. Carbohydrate turns to cellulose, tree, plant and plankton. Tree turn to coal, plankton turn into oil in many billion years.

Our human being are using this fossil fuel and enjoying civilized life. Animal including fish can live by eating plant and plankton. Animal release CO₂by respiration. Released CO₂react with water to give carbohydrate. CO₂is cycling in such way.

CO₂ assimilation is accelerated by fertilizer: nutrient nitrogen and phosphorous. Nature set up the system to change Nitrogen gas to nutrient nitrogen, nitrogen oxide by the reaction of nitrogen with oxygen. The reaction needs high temperature. High temperature is obtained by burning of something like, fossil fuel or by thunder. By burning, CO₂ is produced and NOx is also produced.

The ratio of CO₂/NOx is around 25/1. When 1 tone fossil is burned, 1x 44/14 = 3.14 toneCO₂is produced. 3.14x1/25 =0.125 tone NOx is produced.

 When 140 billion tone fossil is burned. And 140x 44/ 14= 440 billion toneCO₂ is produced. And 440x1/25= 17.6 billion tone NOx is produced. By the increase of CO₂and NOx production, CO₂ assimilation is promoted greatly. Some developed countries are eliminating NOx. Then CO₂ assimilation is retarded. I wish to describe the relation of NOx elimination, global warming, CO₂ assimilation, production of grain, fish and showed the best method to protect global warming [1-28].

CO₂ Assimilation is Promoted by Increase of CO₂and NOx

Since plant growth by CO₂assimilation reaction. Velocity of CO₂assimilation is carried out in proportion to the concentration ofCO₂, H₂O, sunshine, nutrient N, nutrient P as shown by following equation

v = A (CO₂) (H₂O) (sunshine) (N) (P)

Since the industrial revolution, burning of fossil and producion of CO₂ and NOx increased greatly. CO₂ emission, CO₂ fix, NOx emission, Grain production, GrainJa (Grain production of Japan), GrainInd (Grain production of India), Fish (Fish production of the world), FishJa (Fish production of Japan), Fish Chi (Fish production of China) Fishp (Fish price in Japan), GDPgJ (GDP growth rate in Japan) are shown in Table 1. Unit is billion tone [22-24].

                                                                                               Table 1

Year	CO2em Bill t	CO2f bill t	NOxem bill t	Grain bill t	Grain Ja bill t	GrainInd bill t	Fish bill t	FishJa bill t	FishChi bill t	Fishp bill t	GDPgJ USD/kg
1900	20	20	0.8
1920	30	30	1.2
1940	50	50	2				0.02
1960	100	50	4			0.7	0.35	0.035	0.015	0.2	6
1970	150	150	6	11	0.13	1.		0.062	0.02	0.4	7
1975	170	170	6.8	12	0.1			0.095	0.025	0.7	6.5
1980	200	150	8	14	0.1	1,2	045	0.11	0.03	1	6
1985	210	140	8.4	15	0.095		1.05	0.12	0.04	1.5	1
1990	220	140	8.8	17	0.09	1.7	1.1	0.09	0.04	2
2000	250	150	10	22	0..085	2.2	1.4	0.085	0.16	3	1
2005	270	160	10.8	21.5	0.082		1.55	0.05	0. 3	4	1
2010	300	170	12	23.5	0.08	2.5	1.65	0.04	0.5	5	1
2017	360	220	14.4	27	0.075		2.	0.032	0.78	8	1

Weight of vegetation of world increased about 2 times since the industrial revolution, Area of tropical rain wood area increased very much since these several 10 years. Total weight of wood is said to be 800 billion tone.

Zaichun Zou reported the change of global change of leaf area from 1982-2009. Total area of increased green is 18 million km2, double of USA area [28]. The effects of CO₂ and NOx on climate and plant growth are studied by many investigators [29-48].

The increase of CO₂ and NOx production increased the CO₂ assimilation. The increase of CO₂ assimilation increased the production of grain and fish. The production of grain in 1960 0.85 billion tone in 2010 2.6 billion tone 3 times.

The production of grain in India increased 5 times from 1950 to 2010. In 1950 0.5 billion tone, 1060 0.7 billion tone, 1970 1 billion tone, 1980 1.2 billion tone, 1990 1.7 billion tone, 2000 2.2 billion tone, 2010 2.5 billion tone, CO₂ emission is now 24 billion tone. NOx emission increased to 1 billion tone. The increase of NOx contributed for the production of 2.5 billion tone grain. Population of India increased 1951 3.8 billion to 2014 12.5 billion. 3,3 times. Grain production increased 5 times.

Fish production of the world increased. In 1940 20 million tone, in 1960 35 million tone, in 1980 45 million tone, in 1990 80 million tone, in 2000 130 million tone, in 2010 130 million tone, in 2016 200 million tone. China increased fish production.

57 times from 1960 to 2017. In1960 1.5 million tone, 1970 2 million tone, 1980 3 million tone, 1990 4 million tone, 1997 16.33 million tone 2002 16.33 million tone 2016 78.38 million tone, 2017 85.3 million tone. China produced 106 billion tone CO2 and 4 billion tone NOx. 4 billion tone NOx contributed for the increase of nitrogen concentration of sea, and growth of plankton, increase of fish production. China produced 4 billion tone NOx. This NOx increased nitrogen concentration of sea. East China sea in now top fishing sea. The three big fishing sea were north Pacific ocean, north Atlantic ocean, west of south America. These sea were rich in nutrient NP caused by counter current of deep sea water NP rich deep sea with NP poor surface sea water.

When CO₂ concentration increase, yield of grain increased about 30%. The concentration of CO₂ at green house is kept at 1000-1500 ppm. Normal concentration of air is 400 ppm. Therefore the concentration at green house is 2.5-3.75 times higher than normal air CO₂ The tree at population dense big city growth much rapidly than normal district.

NOx is very effective promotor of CO₂ assimilation. Therefore the production of grain and fish increased proportionally to the increase of CO₂and NOx. In 1900 20 billion tone CO₂ is emitted and 20 billion toneCO₂ is fixed. In 1920 30 billion tone CO₂ is emitted and 30 billion toneCO₂ is fixed. In 1940 50 billion tone CO₂ is emitted and 50 billion toneCO₂is fixed. In 1960 100 billion tone CO₂ is emitted and 100 billion tone CO₂ is emitted and 100 billion tone CO₂ is fixed. After 1980, amount ofCO₂emission and fix become different. Fix amount become smaller than emission.

In 1980 200 billion toneCO₂ is emitted and 180 billion tone CO₂ is fixed. In 1990 220 billion toneCO₂is emitted and 140 billion tone CO₂ is fixed. In 200 250 billion tone CO₂ is emitted and 160 billion tone CO₂ infixed. In 2010 300 billion tone CO₂ is emitted and 160 billion tone CO₂ is fixed. In 2016 360 billion tone CO2 is emitted and 220 billion toneCO₂ is fixed. Amount of CO₂fix is 140 billion tone less than emission. This is caused by the elimination of NOx and NP. CO₂assimilation is retarded by NOx, NP elimination.

Most emitted CO₂ is fixed byCO₂assimilation.CO₂ increase is calculated based byCO₂ emission minus fixable CO₂ CO₂ increase of 10 countries is shown at next Table 2. 10 K tone CO₂can be fixed at 1 km2 wood and 10 k tone CO is fixed at 1 km² cultivated land. Then we can calculate fixable CO by area Km² multiply 10 K tone.

Table 2

Year	CO2em Bill t	CO2f bill t	NOxem bill t	Grain bill t	Grain Ja bill t	GrainInd bill t	Fish bill t	FishJa bill t	FishChi bill t	Fishp bill t	GDPgJ USD/kg
1900	20	20	0.8
1920	30	30	1.2
1940	50	50	2				0.02
1960	100	50	4			0.7	0.35	0.035	0.015	0.2	6
1970	150	150	6	11	0.13	1.		0.062	0.02	0.4	7
1975	170	170	6.8	12	0.1			0.095	0.025	0.7	6.5
1980	200	150	8	14	0.1	1,2	045	0.11	0.03	1	6
1985	210	140	8.4	15	0.095		1.05	0.12	0.04	1.5	1
1990	220	140	8.8	17	0.09	1.7	1.1	0.09	0.04	2
2000	250	150	10	22	0..085	2.2	1.4	0.085	0.16	3	1
2005	270	160	10.8	21.5	0.082		1.55	0.05	0. 3	4	1
2010	300	170	12	23.5	0.08	2.5	1.65	0.04	0.5	5	1
2017	360	220	14.4	27	0.075		2.	0.032	0.78	8	1

China can produce goods with cheapest price electricity (1.6-4.3 c/kWh) and China is winning priority of productive industry of the world.

Japan is emitting 12.5 billion tone CO₂, Germany 7.6 billion tone, UK 4 billion tone, Italy 3.5 billion tone, Areas of these countries are narrow. They cannot fix all CO₂ produced at his country. Green wood or cultivated land 1 Km² can fix 1000 tone CO . Area ofJapan is 3.8x 10⁵ Km². Fixable CO is 3.8x 105 x 1000 = 3.8x 10⁸3.8 billion tone. Japan is increasing 12.5- 3.8 = 8.7 billion tone CO₂.

Germany is increasing 4.3 billion tone CO₂ UK 1.6 billion tone. Italy 0.3 billion tone. Amount of NOx produced at world 14.4 billion tone. At China 4.25 billion tone. USA 2 billion tone, India 1 billion tone, Japan 0.5 billion tone. Japan eliminating this 0.5 billion tone. Butane 0.1280 billions is used for the production of H2 0.0606 billion tone and CO₂0.7480 billion tone is produced. If Japan stop NOx elimination, 25 times of NOx 0.5x 25 = 12.5 billion tone CO₂can be fixed. By doing plankton CO₂ assimilation at 3 times area of Japan land, 3.8x 10⁵ Km² area, 11.4 billion tone CO can be fixed. 0.745 billion tone CO₂ by stopping of NOx elimination can be saved. 0.5 billion tone CO₂by stopping NP waste water purification can be saved. Total 11.4 + 0.745 + 0.5 = 12.645 billion tone CO₂ generations can be stopped. Japan can produce 0.3 billion fish and Japanese can enjoy anti-aging and long life [25,49-55]. If Europa stop the elimination of 0.71 billion tone NOx and 0.2 billion tone NP, 10 billion tone CO2 generation can be stopped. And 0.1 billion tone fish can be produced.

CO₂ Assimilation Must be Promoted by Stopping of NOx Elimination and by Stopping of Waste Water Purification [21]

In 2015 fossil 140 billion tonne was burned and CO₂ 360 billion tonne and NOx 14.4 billion tonne are produced. If we use all NOx for the fixing of CO , we can fix 14.4x25x 108 = 360 billion tone coBut NOx is hated as pollution gas causing illness. Many governmentsof developed countries set up very strict law to eliminate NOx in burned gas and forced to eliminate NOx using ammonia. To eliminate NOx, huge amount of ammonia is necessary and huge amount of fossil is burned.

4NO + 4NH₃ + O₂ ————> 4 N₂ + 6

Elimination of NOx is promoting global warming three ways. One is retardation of CO₂ fix. Two is increase of CO₂ by using much butane. Three is consumption of precious fuel for the production of ammonia.

About 0.5 billion tone phosphorous and 10 billion tone nutrias nitrogen are contained in waste water. By using this phosphorous and nitrogen, 100 billion tone CO₂ can be fixed. And 37.5 billion tone plankton can be produced and fish 1.5 billion tone can be produced.

Animal eat food containing P and exclude excreta containing P. When toilet disposal and drainage are sent to excreta disposal treatment plant. P in water was made to water insoluble mass, mixed with cement and made to concrete and buried in soil. Plant cannot use P any more [1]. This process use huge electricity and consume much fossil fuel. Around 10 billion tone fossil and producing 30 billion tone CO₂ . For the elimination of one phosphorous, about 25 carbon fossils are used and about 25 CO₂ is produced. One phosphorous can fix 56 CO₂ [10]. The phosphorous and nitrogen elimination process should be avoided. Excreta is best food for plant. Ocean dumping, field dumping and forest dumping of excreta are recommended to increase CO₂ assimilation.

I wish to propose plan that NOx elimination should be stopped and waste water purification should be stopped. Then CO₂ assimilation is promoted and food production increase and global warming can be stopped.

Heat Balance of Earth [24]

On earth 140 billion tone fossil fuel is burned and CO₂ 3.6 x 10¹⁰ t was produced. And 7.4 x 1015 kcal is produced. When we consider the heat produced by animal respiration, 7.4 x 10¹⁵ kcal x 4.6/3.6 = 9.45 x 1015 kcal are produced.

The earth is also warmed by the heat of atomic energy. Uranium produce 2 x 10¹⁵ kcal heat. Electricity generation capacity of the world is 16868 Tetra watt h. Electricity generation by atomic energy is 2086 Tetra watt h. Therefore 7.4 x 1015 x 2986/ 10868 = 2 .02x 10¹⁵ kcal evolved by atomic energy.

The earth is also warmed by the heat evolved by animal. Human being eat 1000 kcal food every day and release heat 1000 kcal every day. Population of the world is 76 billion. Therefore human being is releasing 1000 x 365 x 76 x 108 = 2.8 x 10¹⁵ kcal in one year. Animal other than human being, caw, bird, whales, seal are producing heat. We can estimate as same as human being 2.8x10¹⁵ kcal. Therefore total heat is fossil burning produce 7.4 x 10¹⁵ kcal, atomic energy produce 2.02 x 10¹⁵ kcal. Human being produce 2.8 x 10¹⁵ kcal. Other animal produce 2.8 x 10¹⁵ kcal.

Total heat produced is (7.4+2.02 + 2.8+ 2.8) x 10¹⁵ = 15.02 x 10¹⁵ kcal. We must absorb 15.02 x 10¹⁵ kcal by 10¹⁵ assimilation.

CO₂ assimilation must be promoted by stopping of NOx elimination and by stopping waste water purification. By stopping NOx elimination. 14.4 billion tone NOx can fix 14,4 x 25 = 360 billion tone CO₂ . Amount of N.P in drainage is around 10 billion tone. By using this 10 billion tone N.P, we can fix 10 x 25 = 250 billion toneCO₂ . By adding 360 + 250 = 610 billion toneCO₂ can be fixed. And we can absorb 15 x 1015 kcal. And earth can be cooled down.

Electricity Generation by Solar System

Construction of solar mega system by the sacrifice of wood is not clever way. 1 hector, 1000 m² wood can absorb heart 3.8 x 106 kcal and can fix 13.7 tone CO₂ . Heart absorption efficiency of solar system cell is 1/3 of green leaf of tree. Solar system cell cannot fix CO₂ . For the preparation of solar cell material, much fossil fuel is necessary generating much amount of CO₂ in compared with the generation of CO₂ and electricity by burning of fossil fuel. Therefore construction of solar mega system by the sacrifice of wood is promoting global warming.

1000 m² cell can generate 114000 kWh and can save 7.5 tCO₂ and can absorb 1.3 x 106 kcal for the production of 1000 m² cell 5 tone CO₂ is produced. Electricity generation should be done at no green land. The house located near wood, cooler is unnecessary. But the house located near solar mega system, cooler is necessary at summer.

Fossil Fuel is Burned Out Soon

Estimated amount of buried fossil;

Billion tone

Fossil	buried amount	yearly use	year
Natural gas	2769	46	60
Oil	1730	41	42
Coal	9090	75	121

When fossil is burned out, we need not worry about global warming. We must worry how can we live civilized life. How can we drive car, air plane, and agriculture machine. How can we generate electricity. How can we make plastic. We must save the consumption of fossil. We should not spend precious fossil for the elimination of NOx, NP. We must depend on wood.

Electricity Generation Should be done by Coal [18]

IPCC asking electricity generation by oil and natural gas than coal, because coal generates more CO₂ than oil. But I think coal is better for the generation of electricity to save the consumption of oil. Global warming is caused by the heat and not by CO₂ when we compare buried amount, coal (132 years) is 3 times as much as oil (42 years) and natural gas (60 years). We can manufacture many kind of chemical and plastic from oil. Oil is more convenient as transportation fuels. Therefore oil and natural gas are 3 times more precious than coal. Price of coal is 1/3 of oil. Therefor we can generate electricity by coal at low price. The price of electricity is very important for the competition of productive industry. The year of oil scare is coming in 50 years. Then we must do liquefaction of coal to get liquid fuel for transportation. In this process, about half energy of coal is lost. We can enjoy our civilized life longer by saving the consumption of oil and natural gas.

Summary

Global warming can be protected by promotion of CO₂ assimilation. CO₂ assimilation is promoted by the increase of nutrient nitrogen and phosphorous.

NOx is main source of nitrogen fertilizer. P and N in waste water are main sources of phosphorous, nitrogen fertilizer.

NOx produced by burning should be released as it is.

NP in waste water should be released as it is. Increase of NP concentration of sea water increase the growth of plankton.

Increase of plankton growth increase the fish production and protect global warming.

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