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How Should I Treat Under Expanded Coronary Stents Due to Severe Coronary Calcification?
Abstract
With aging society, one of the more challenging obstacles in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are calcified coronary lesions (CAC). CAC may impede stent delivery; limit balloon and stent expansion, which result in lower minimal stent area (MSA), cause uneven drug distribution, and even hinder wire advancement [1-4]. Lower MSA and stent under-expansion are associated with adverse outcomes, including stent thrombosis, restenosis, and major adverse cardiac outcomes (MACE) [5,6].