Association of Apolipoprotein B /Apolipoprotein A-I Ratio with Cardio Metabolic Risk Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
Hari Sharan Makaju, Vijay Kumar Sharma*, Binod Kumar Yadav, Eans Tara Tuladhar, Roshan Bhandari, Aseem Bhattarai, Mithileshwor Raut, Raju Dubey, Apeksha Niraula, Alisha Sapkota, Anant Neupane and Rabina Ramtel
Background: Individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and metabolic syndrome are at a heightened risk for cardiovascular disease. Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) is a reliable measure for assessing atherogenic particles, while Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) plays a key role in antiatherogenic high-density lipoproteins. Timely identification and evaluation of cardio metabolic risk factors can decrease the likelihood of developing CVD.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association of Apo B/Apo A-I ratio with cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in T2DM.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital and involved 120 individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who visited the Medicine Outpatient Department, as well as 120 apparently healthy controls. Clinical and anthropometric characteristics were documented using a clinical profor- ma, and fasting blood samples were collected for the estimation of plasma glucose, Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), Apolipo- protein A-I (ApoA-I), traditional lipid profile analysis, and calculation of the Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-I ratio.
Results: The mean values of cardiometabolic risk biomarkers and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio in patients with T2DM were significantly higher, whereas HDL-C was significantly lower than that of a control group (p≤0.001). The Apo B/Apo A-I ratio was strongly positively correlated with LDL-C, TC, Non-HDL-C, and Apo B (r=0.68-0.89, p<0.001) and modestly positively correlated with BMI, WC, TG, and VLDL-C (r=0.55-0.67, p<0.001). Additionally, there was a weak but sig- nificant positive correlation (r=0.18-0.35, p<0.05) with weight, systolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. On the other hand, the Apo B/Apo A-I ratio showed a negative correlation with HDL-C and Apo A-I (r = -0.58, p<0.001).
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that an elevated Apo B/Apo A-I ratio constituted a good association with several cardiometabolic biomarkers and supports that the Apo B/Apo A-I ratio as a potentially useful risk marker for predicting future cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.